| How does one test the latest UV blocking fabrics | | | | factor] is based on an entirely different curriculum |
| emerging on the market? | | | | of testing methods than the "SPF" measurements |
| Curiously, a number of light and laser testing | | | | used for creams. For reasons of economy, the |
| facilities do not currently use the latest pending | | | | new rating system will use an invitro (lab) |
| standard involving the averaging of invitro (lab) | | | | technique only, and includes wash, stretch and |
| and invivo (human) field-testing and | | | | abrasion testing controls - as textiles are generally |
| instead, choose to measure using the | | | | static in nature and do not change over time. |
| single standard Menzies/Az 1994 protocol, | | | | However while consistent in protocol, standard |
| which is much more economical but far less | | | | control testing methods may not yield similar |
| accurate for the lightweight but complex yarn | | | | results from lab to lab.  While it is |
| fabrications such as those employed in some | | | | currently the most cost effective |
| highly regarded apparel products). Based on the | | | | method to determine UPF, the test method will |
| laboratory credentials, some manufacturers have | | | | not recognize a textile with an averaged number |
| chosen to use an independent photonics lab that is | | | | less than UPF 15: for example, even if the fabric |
| well respected internationally in their field and is | | | | might test average a "19", this number is always |
| known to be very comprehensive in their test | | | | rounded down by 5 digits, in this case - rendering |
| results. The facility created disciplined | | | | a "14" . Because of the minimum UPF level of 15, |
| parameters for UV testing based more on the | | | | mentioned above, this result will render say a "19" |
| future interests of the industry. However, | | | | to become a "0". Therefore, this example would |
| this method is also a much more expensive | | | | view the swatch or article as under the minimum |
| testing process. | | | | value for a UPF rating, and not yield a rating at |
| The method employed by textile manufacturers | | | | all even though averaging a 19 in the initial |
| seeking UV ratings for "woven yarns" is perhaps | | | | tests. The same could be said for a tested level |
| the one that is more incorrectly but commonly | | | | of "20", which by the prescribed margin of error |
| used today - and the test protocol is measured | | | | would result in a UPF of 15. The maximum rating |
| for stretch type fabrics used mainly for swim and | | | | designate for a textile is UPF50+; however, 30 is |
| active-wear. As leno fabric is a woven, | | | | more than adequate for the majority of individuals |
| with various degrees of porosity, such | | | | with sun-sensitive conditions. |
| tests can still produce erratic | | | | What are the differences in fabric types available? |
| results, especially with ventilated weaves | | | | Today, people interested in sun-care products |
| and if the dyeing process involves optical | | | | have different demands. Like the protective |
| brighteners and/or titanium dioxides in the | | | | blocks and lotions, there are many types of |
| pigments. These variables can wreak havoc on | | | | textiles used in apparel that are available to meet |
| accurate results. | | | | various degrees of desired performance based on |
| Â | | | | lifestyle. Tighter (opaque) weaves and darker |
| What can create controversy with the new | | | | colours are usually designed to be worn close to |
| fabrics? | | | | the skin, and can assist in blocking a higher |
| As with any consumer goods purchase involving | | | | proportion of ultraviolet light for longer periods. |
| new and evolving technologies, one must be | | | | Whether stretch or woven, these fabrics are |
| careful in relying on poorly researched magazine | | | | used in clothing that is opaque and is worn alone |
| or newspaper articles, which can be quite | | | | as a fashion lifestyle or as swimwear. A drawback |
| misleading. Be sure to read the product detail | | | | to the tighter weaves and stretch fabrics is |
| descriptions on clothing tags or, if purchasing | | | | reduced ventilation and increased heat retention - |
| on-line, the description of a product on the web | | | | which can be a serious liability to certain individuals |
| site. If a product does not say, for example, that | | | | in hot climates. |
| it offers up to a 97% block, one should not | | | | Â |
| assume that it does, even if other items within | | | | Other fabrics employ a complex lightweight |
| that product line so say so on the tag or in the | | | | weave and design structure that is somewhat |
| on-line product description. | | | | looser to encourage cooling airflow, and will |
| Do colors affect the UV protection level? | | | | provide additional coverage. These garments are |
| Yes, color is also an important point when | | | | designed to be worn over other favourite |
| considering clothing for the purpose of sun-block: | | | | summer-weight weather apparel. This type of |
| Darker colors (especially indigo, navy and black) | | | | clothing is a sun-care "booster" but might not be |
| perform better because they can absorb more | | | | an appropriate recommendation for persons |
| UV; however the trade-off is that they can | | | | requiring a high degree of opaque protection or |
| create heat as a by-product. Lighter colors will | | | | have prescriptive conditions that renders one |
| reflect more, especially fabrics with optical | | | | particularly light sensitive - a drawback to the |
| brighteners. All everyday existing fabrics can be | | | | looser weaves and (lighter colours) will be the |
| considered to have a sun-protective value, but | | | | allowance of more UV transmission than the |
| unlike the creams that can have lower values, the | | | | opaque fabrics for areas of bare skin under a |
| current UPF rating system begins at the minimum | | | | single layer of fabric, especially if the area is pulled |
| UPF level of 15 to permit an independent | | | | tightly over the skin and exposed to prolonged |
| classification. | | | | time in the sun. This drawback is remedied in the |
| When the ASTM D13.65 committee was created | | | | careful construct and loose design of such apparel, |
| for the addendum to sun-protective fabrics in | | | | as the UV light transmittance decreases |
| 1996, a number of textile manufacturers and light | | | | exponentially and dramatically, every millimetre |
| and laser specialists invested about 5 years in | | | | away from the skin. |
| planning the testing protocol. Even today, it is still a | | | | Some manufacturers' hats and accessories, |
| work in progress and will be updated annually | | | | through their fabrication, have a much higher level |
| because the results are still inconclusive and merit | | | | of protection, and certain styles with multiple |
| more study. Naturally, some of the unique textiles | | | | layering and fusing agents will afford a UPF rating |
| being created today are, under current lab | | | | up to 40+. While the clothing is a protective & |
| conditions, misunderstood. | | | | effective adjunct as long as it is worn as |
| What exactly is done in-lab to obtain a UPF rating? | | | | designed, with the appropriate size |
| Is it different from "SPF"? | | | | chosen by the individual for the particular activity |
| Yes, UPF involves a different criterion. While still a | | | | and worn loosely over other summer-weight |
| work in progress, the UPF [ultraviolet protection | | | | apparel. |